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Vector data analysis is a fundamental component of geoinformatics and disaster management, enabling the representation, management, and interpretation of discrete geographic features such as roads, rivers, buildings, administrative boundaries, evacuation routes, shelters, and hazard zones. The analysis follows a systematic sequence of steps to transform raw spatial data into meaningful information for disaster risk reduction, preparedness, response, and recovery. The first step is data acquisition. Vector data are collected from multiple sources, including Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), total stations, remote sensing image interpretation, field surveys, cadastral maps, topographic maps, government databases, and volunteered geographic information. Features are represented as points, lines, and ______ __________ ____ ______ __________ _________ __________ ___ ________ ________ ________ _________.
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