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Birds possess a remarkable set of structural, physiological, and aerodynamic adaptations that together enable powered flight, distinguishing them from all other vertebrates. These adaptations are evident in the skeletal system, muscular organization, respiratory mechanism, body covering, and overall body design, all of which contribute to reducing weight, increasing strength, and improving efficiency during flight. One of the most significant adaptations is the lightweight yet strong skeleton. Many bones in birds are pneumatic, meaning they contain air-filled cavities connected to the respiratory system. This reduces body weight without sacrificing strength. Several bones are fused, such as the vertebrae, clavicles, and pelvic bones, providing rigidity and stability during flight. The fusion of clavicles forms the furcula or wishbone, which acts as a spring during wing beats, storing and releasing energy. _______ ___ ______ ________ _______ ___ _____.
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