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The Hindi-Urdu controversy was a significant cultural and political conflict in India during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). It revolved around the question of which language—Hindi written in Devanagari script or Urdu written in Persian script—should hold official status and be used in administration, education, and public life. The roots of the controversy lay in linguistic, religious, and social identities, reflecting the broader tensions between Hindus and Muslims during British colonial rule. The controversy gained momentum in the 1860s and 1870s. Urdu had been the _________ ______ _______ _________ ________ ________ ____ _____ ______ _________.
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