Describe the consequences and etiology of alcohol abuse and dependence.

The physical complications ofalcoholuse are numerous. The health risks relate to the pharmacological effects of alcohoL withdrawal, toxicity and deficiency syndromes as a result of chronic abuse and from secondary effects such as domesticviolence and injury resulting from drunk-driving offences. Psychological consequences of alcohol misuse are also severe.

j) Effects on the central nervous system

Alcohol acts as a blocker ofmessages transmified between nerve cells in the central nervous system. There is no absolute threshold for blood alcohol concentrations below which there is no impainnent of complex psychomotor skills. At blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of25 mg%, euphoria is apparent. lack ofco-ordination occurs at levels of5O to loo mg% and unsteadiness, ataxia, poor judgement and labile mood are observed at 100 to 200 mg%. At 200 to 400 mg%, the drinker may be in a stage 1 anaesthetic state, with periods of amnesia. Intoxication can lead to death from coma and respiratory depression at 400 to700 mg%. Acute intoxication with alcohol may result in coma or death resulting from CNS depression. leading to respiratory depression and cardiovascular collapse. Intoxicated patients are at an increased risk for other traumatic and medical pathologies that may precipitate or be exacerbated by head injury, infection or hypoglycaemia. which must be ruled out or appropriately treated. The effects of raised alcohol levels _____ _________ _____ _____ ___.
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