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Drought is a complex environmental phenomenon characterized by a prolonged period of deficient precipitation, resulting in water scarcity that adversely affects agriculture, ecosystems, and human populations. The causes of drought can be broadly categorized into climatic, geographical, and human-induced factors, each interacting in diverse ways to exacerbate water shortages. Climatic causes are among the most significant contributors to drought. A primary factor is the irregularity or reduction in rainfall patterns. Changes in global and regional climate systems, such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), can disrupt normal precipitation cycles, leading to extended dry periods. During an El Niño event, for instance, certain regions experience significantly reduced rainfall, which can trigger drought conditions. Similarly, shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns, ______ _________ ____ _____ ___ _________ __________.
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