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Ammonia assimilation in plants is a crucial metabolic process that enables the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into organic compounds essential for growth and development. Ammonia, derived from nitrate reduction or biological nitrogen fixation, is highly toxic to cells at elevated concentrations. Therefore, plants have evolved efficient biochemical pathways to assimilate ammonia rapidly into amino acids. The primary pathways responsible for this process are the glutamine synthetase–glutamate synthase (GS–GOGAT) cycle and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) pathway, with the GS–GOGAT pathway being predominant in higher plants. The GS–GOGAT pathway begins with the enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS), which catalyzes the ATP-dependent amidation of glutamate using ammonium ions. This results in the formation of glutamine, a central intermediate in nitrogen metabolism. The reaction requires ATP, making it an energy-dependent process, but this ensures efficient detoxification _______ ________ __________ ________ ____.
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