Describe Post-Partum Hemorrhage under the following headings.

i) Causes

ii) Signs and symptoms

iii) Nursing management and preventive of PPH.

i) Causes:

Post-Partum Hemorrhage (PPH) refers to excessive bleeding after childbirth. It can be classified into two types: primary (occurring within 24 hours after delivery) and secondary (occurring after 24 hours but within 6 weeks). Common causes include:

• Uterine atony: The most frequent cause, where the uterus fails to contract properly after delivery.
• Retained placenta: When parts of the placenta remain in the uterus, preventing it from contracting.
• Trauma to the birth canal: Lacerations, uterine rupture, or episiotomy complications.
• Placenta previa: When the placenta partially or completely covers the cervix.
• Coagulation disorders: Conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) or preexisting clotting disorders can contribute to hemorrhage.
• Uterine inversion: When the uterus turns inside out during or after delivery.
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