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India’s efforts to promote universal literacy and elementary education have evolved through several comprehensive programmes and schemes designed to improve access, retention, quality, equity, and lifelong learning for all citizens, especially in rural and disadvantaged areas. These initiatives reflect the constitutional commitment to education as a fundamental right and align with goals of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Key programmes and schemes currently adopted include Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) under Samagra Shiksha, NIPUN Bharat Mission, PM SHRI Schools initiative, PM POSHAN (Mid-Day Meal Scheme), ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram (New India Literacy Programme), and several targeted interventions such as Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV), Vidyanjali, and Sampark Foundation initiatives. ([Drishti IAS][1]) A central pillar of elementary education policy in India is the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, which integrates several earlier programmes to provide a holistic framework from pre-primary to senior secondary education with a strong focus on elementary levels. Under Samagra Shiksha, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) remains the flagship programme aimed at universalizing access to elementary education for all children aged 6–14 years. Originally launched in 2000–2001, SSA continues to target enrolment, retention, and quality improvement through interventions such as opening new schools, setting up additional classrooms, providing adequate teachers, ensuring gender and social equity, and supporting infrastructure like toilets and drinking water. It also includes initiatives to improve learning outcomes through teacher training and academic resource support, as well as free provision of textbooks and uniforms to reduce barriers ____ ______ _____ ___ _________ ___ __________ ______ ___ ________.
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