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Fluvial processes refer to the action of running water in shaping the earth’s surface through erosion, transportation and deposition. Rivers act as dynamic geomorphic agents whose work varies with discharge, velocity, gradient, load and the nature of the underlying rocks. The landforms produced by rivers are broadly classified into erosional and depositional fluvial features, often occurring sequentially along the river’s course from source to mouth. Erosional fluvial features dominate mainly in the upper and youthful stages of a river where vertical erosion is more pronounced due to steep gradients. One of the most characteristic erosional features is the V-shaped valley, formed by rapid down-cutting of the river bed with limited lateral erosion. Such valleys are common in mountainous regions like the Himalayas. Associated with V-shaped valleys are interlocking spurs, where resistant ridges project alternately from either side of the valley, forcing __________ _________ _______ __________ _______ _________ _____.
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