Describe different phases of Calvin cycle.

The Calvin cycle, also known as the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, is the fundamental process in photosynthesis through which carbon dioxide is fixed into organic molecules, contributing to the synthesis of glucose and other carbohydrates. This cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and consists of three distinct phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).

1. Carbon Fixation: The Calvin cycle begins with the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO) catalyzing the fixation of carbon dioxide. During this phase, a molecule of carbon dioxide is incorporated into a five-carbon sugar called ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). This reaction produces an unstable six-carbon compound that immediately splits into two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA), each containing three carbon atoms. This step is crucial as it allows _____ _________ _____ ________ ______ ______ _______.
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