Describe any two modern methods for the improvement of crop plants.

Two modern methods for the improvement of crop plants are Genetic Engineering and Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS). Both techniques have revolutionized agricultural practices by increasing crop yields, enhancing disease resistance, and improving nutritional quality. 

Genetic Engineering involves the direct manipulation of an organism’s genetic material using biotechnology. It is a powerful tool that allows scientists to introduce specific traits into crops that may not naturally occur. This is achieved by inserting a gene or a set of genes into the plant’s DNA to achieve desired traits. For example, crops like Bt cotton and Bt corn have been genetically modified to express a gene from the bacterium *Bacillus thuringiensis*, which produces a protein toxic to certain pests. This gives the crop inherent resistance to pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides and thus promoting more sustainable agriculture.

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