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Wetlands are areas where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life. They occur where the water table is at or near the surface of the land or where the land is covered by shallow water. Wetlands include a variety of habitats such as marshes, swamps, bogs, fens, and estuaries. These ecosystems are characterized by the presence of water, either at the surface or within the root zone, and by unique soil conditions and plant species that thrive in saturated environments. Wetlands may be freshwater, brackish, or saline, and they exist in both coastal and inland regions across the globe. The Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands, defines wetlands broadly to include lakes and rivers, underground aquifers, swamps and marshes, wet grasslands, peatlands, oases, estuaries, deltas, tidal flats, mangroves, and coral reefs. Wetlands are of immense ecological, hydrological, economic, and cultural significance. They perform a wide array of functions that are crucial for maintaining environmental balance and supporting biodiversity. One of the primary ecological functions of wetlands is their role as natural water filters. Wetlands trap sediments, absorb pollutants such as heavy metals and excess nutrients, and break down harmful substances through microbial activity, thereby improving water quality. This function is particularly critical in areas where industrial and ______ _____ _____ ________ ____ __________ _____ ________ ________ _______ ____ _________.
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