Define stress 'Explain the models and techniques of stress management. 20
 Or
 Discuss the importance of School Counselling in the light of your field work experience. 

Stress can be defined as the physical, emotional, or psychological strain or tension that occurs when an individual faces situations or challenges that exceed their ability to cope or adapt. It is a natural response to demands placed on an individual, but when stress becomes overwhelming or chronic, it can lead to negative physical and mental health outcomes. Stress can manifest in various forms, including acute stress (short-term), chronic stress (long-term), and eustress (positive stress), each having distinct implications for an individual’s well-being.

The causes of stress can range from external factors such as work pressure, academic demands, or interpersonal conflicts, to internal factors like self-criticism, negative thinking, or unrealistic expectations. The physiological effects of stress include an increased heart rate, muscle tension, and a release of stress hormones like cortisol. If left unmanaged, prolonged stress can result in conditions like anxiety, depression, cardiovascular diseases, and burnout.

Stress management is a crucial aspect of maintaining mental and emotional health, especially in environments where individuals are constantly under pressure, such as in workplaces, schools, and healthcare settings. Various models and techniques have been developed over time to help individuals cope with stress effectively. These models provide frameworks for understanding the sources of stress and offer strategies for managing it.

Models of Stress Management

1. The Transactional Model of Stress (Lazarus and Folkman)
   Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman proposed the transactional model of stress, which focuses on the interaction between the individual and their environment. According to this model, stress arises when an individual perceives that they are unable to cope with a demand or challenge. The model emphasizes two primary components:

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