Define Parkinson’s disease.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system, particularly the part of the brain that controls movement. Named after Dr. James Parkinson, who first described its symptoms in 1817, the disease primarily manifests as a motor disorder but can also lead to a range of non-motor symptoms. It is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, following Alzheimer's disease.

The primary cause of Parkinson's disease is the loss of dopamine-producing neurons in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter responsible for transmitting signals between nerve cells and is crucial for coordinating smooth muscle movements. When dopamine-producing neurons degenerate and die, the communication between nerve cells becomes disrupted, leading to the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

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