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The Hardy–Weinberg Law, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium principle, is a fundamental concept in population genetics that explains the genetic composition of a population under ideal conditions. Formulated independently by G. H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg in 1908, the law states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a large, randomly mating population remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of evolutionary influences. It provides a mathematical model that serves as the null hypothesis against which evolutionary changes in populations are measured. If the frequency of one allele is represented by p and the frequency of the alternative allele by q, then p + q = 1. The expected genotype frequencies are expressed by the equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1, where p² represents the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals, 2pq the frequency of heterozygous individuals, and q² the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals. The equilibrium is maintained only if several assumptions are satisfied: a very large population size, random mating, no mutation, no ___ _____ ______ ________ ________ ____ _______ ________.
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