Define Genetic polymorphism. Discuss with suitable examples

Genetic polymorphism is defined as the inheritance of a trait controlled by a single genetic locus with two alleles, in which the least common allele has a frequency of about 1% or greater. Genetic polymorphism is a difference in DNA sequence among individuals, groups, or populations. Sources include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), sequence repeats, insertions, deletions, and recombination. Genetic polymorphisms may be the result of chance processes or may have been induced by external agents such as viruses or radiation. If a difference in DNA sequence among individuals has been shown to be associated with disease, it will usually be called a genetic mutation. Changes in DNA sequence that have been confirmed to be caused by external agents are also generally called ‘mutations’ rather than ‘polymorphisms’. SNPs are the most common type of genetic variations in humans. Understanding the functions of SNPs can greatly help us understand the genetics of human phenotype variation, especially the genetic basis of complex human diseases. DNA polymorphisms comprise three types: tandem repeat polymorphism, copy-number variations and SNPs. Detection of these polymorphisms can be carried out by different methods including allele-specific PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism, the microarray technique, and whole genome sequencing. Calculation of the sample size is very important in studying any polymorphism using specific free software. Here we shed some light on DNA polymorphisms and their implications as genetic markers in polygenic diseases.

Genetic polymorphism is a difference in DNA sequence among individuals, groups, or populations. Sources include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), sequence repeats, insertions, deletions, and recombinations (e.g. a genetic polymorphism might give rise to blue eyes vs. brown eyes, or straight hair vs. curly hair). Genetic polymorphisms may be the result of chance processes, or may have been induced by external agents such as viruses or radiation. If a difference in DNA sequence among individuals has been shown to be associated with disease, it will usually be called a genetic mutation. Changes in DNA sequence that have been confirmed to be caused by external agents are also generally called ‘mutations’ rather than ‘polymorphisms’ .

Polymorphisms arise through mutations. The mutation may be due to a change from one type of nucleotide to another, an insertion or deletion, or a rearrangement of nucleotides. Once formed, a polymorphism can be inherited like any other DNA sequence, allowing its inheritance to be tracked from parent to child.

Polymorphisms are also found outside of genes, in the vast quantity of DNA that does not code for protein. Indeed, regions of DNA that do not code for proteins tend to have more polymorphisms. This is because a change in the DNA sequences that encode proteins may ________ ___ _________ ______ _________ ___ ________ ________ _____ ______ ____.
______ _______ ___ __________ ___ ___ _______.
_____ ___ ___ ___ __________.
______ ____ _________ ____ __________ _________ _________.
___ __________ ________ _______ ____ ___ ________ __________ ___ ___ _________ _______.
____ __________ __________ _______ ________ _________ ___ _____ ________.
_________ ___ _______ _________ _______ ______.
__________ ________ _______ _________ ________ ____.
________ ______ _______ ____ _______ _______ _____ ___ _______ ______ ______.
__________ ________ ____ ________ ______ _________ ____ _________ ________ ___ ___ _______.
_____ ____ ________ _________ ___ ______.
________ ____ ________ _____ ____ __________ _____ ________ __________.
________ _________ ___ _________ _________ ____.
_______ ____ _____ _______ __________ _________ _____ ___ ________ __________ ______.
_________ _____ ________ _______ _________ __________.
________ ________ _______ _________ _______.
______ _____ ___ __________ ___ ____ ________ ___ __________ _______.
___ _________ ____ ________ _____.
__________ ________ __________ ______ _____ _________ _________ _______ _______ ____ _________ ______.
___ _________ _______ _____ ____ ________ _____.
__________ _______ __________ ______ _________.
_______ _____ _________ ____ ____ ______.
___ ___ ________ _______ ______ _______.
___ ______ ____ ____ _______ _________ __________ _________.
______ _____ __________ ______ _____ _______ ____.
_____ ___ ____ _____ _________ ___ __________.
____ ___ _______ __________ ________ ____ ____ ___.
________ _________ ___ _______ __________ ____ _____.
_______ _______ ______ __________ _____ __________ ________ _________ ____ ___ _____ _____.
__________ __________ _______ ________ ______ ______.
________ _________ ____ ______ _________ ___.
________ __________ ____ _________ _______.
______ _____ ___ _____ ______ _____ _______ ________.
______ ____ _________ ________ __________ ______ ______ ________ ___ _________ _________ __________.
__________ ____ _________ _________ _________ ___ ____ ______ _________ _______ __________.
____ __________ __________ __________ ___ _________ ____ __________ _______ _______.
_________ ______ ________ __________ _______ ________.
_________ ____ ______ ____ ___ ________ _____ ______ ______.
_________ ______ ______ ___ _______ ____ _____.
__________ ________ __________ ______ _________ ______ ________ _______.
________ ________ ___ _________ __________ __________ ______ _______ _________ _________.
_______ ________ _____ _________ _______ _____ _________ _____ _________ ____ _________.
_____ ____ ________ _____ _______ __________ _________ _________ _________ ______ __________ ________.
____ _______ _____ __________ __________ ________ ____ __________.
_____ ____ ___ __________ __________ ______ ___ ________ ________ _______ __________ ___.
________ __________ ________ ______ ____.
________ _____ ___ _________ ________ _________ _______ ___.
________ ________ __________ ________ _________.
_________ _________ ______ ___ ___ _________ ______ ____.
_______ ____ ___ _____ ____ _____.
____ ___ ________ _________ ________ __________.
______ ___ _________ _____ _______ _____ ___ _________ ______ _________.
__________ __________ _________ ____ _____ _______ _______ ____ ___ _________.
__________ ____ __________ __________ ____ _______ _____.
_________ ___ _____ ________ ________ _______ ______ _____.
___ _________ _____ ____ ______ ____ ___ _________ _______ _________ ________.
_________ ________ ________ __________ ________ ____ _________ _______ _______ _______.
______ _________ ___ ________ ____ ______ _______ ________ ________ ____ ____ ______.
_____ ________ ______ ______ _______ __________ ___.
___ __________ ______ ________ ________ ________ ________ _______.
___ ______ __________ _______ __________ ________ ______.
______ _____ ___ ________ ___.
_________ _____ _________ _____ ______ ____ ___ _______.
_______ _____ _____ ______ __________ ______ __________ ____.
_________ _________ _____ _______ ________ _______ ______ _____.
_________ _______ ______ ___ ______ ______ _______ __________ __________.
________ _________ ________ ______ ____ _________.
_____ _____ __________ __________ _________ _____ ______.
____ ______ ___ ___ ______ ___.
___ _____ ________ ________ ___ _____ _______ ______ ___ ___.
____ ____ ________ ________ ______ ______ ______ ___ _____.
_______ __________ ______ __________ ________ ________ _____ _________ _______ _______ ____ ____.
_________ ____ ___ __________ _______ ______ _______ _______ _____ ______ ______ ________.
____ ___ __________ _________ ____ ________ _________.
__________ _______ ____ ________ ________ _______ _____.
_______ __________ ______ _____ ____ __________ ___ __________ _____ _______ ____.
__________ ______ _____ ____ __________ ____.
______ ____ ____ _________ __________ ________ ____ _________ ______ __________ ____ __________.
_____ _____ ________ ________ ________ ____ __________ __________.
________ ________ ______ ____ _____ _____ __________ _____ ____ _______ __________ __________.
_______ ______ __________ _____ ______ _____ _______ ____ ___ _________ ________ ________.
____ _________ ____ ____ ____ _____ _____ __________ ______ ____.
_____ ___ ______ ____ __________.
________ _______ ____ ______ ________.
__________ ________ _____ __________ __________ _________.
_________ ___ _______ _____ ____.
___ ________ ________ ________ _____ _______ _______ ________ _________ ________ ______.
___ _______ ________ __________ ________ ______.
__________ ________ ____ _______ ______ _________ _____ ___ ________.
_________ ______ ____ _____ ______ ___ __________ _____ _____.
_________ ________ __________ _____ ________ _______ ___ ___ _______.
_____ ________ _______ _______ _________ ____ ___ ______ _______ _________ ____ ________.
_________ ______ ___ _________ __________ __________ ____ ____ _____.
____ _________ _______ _______ ______ _____ __________ ______ _____ _______ _______ ______.
________ ____ _______ ____ __________ _________ __________ _________ _____ ___.
_____ _________ ______ _________ ________ ____ ________.
_______ _____ ______ ______ _____ ____ _____.
_______ _________ ____ ___ _________ _______ __________ _____.
__________ ______ ___ ___ _____ __________ ____ _________ _____.
_________ _____ ____ _______ ____ ________.
______ ____ _______ ____ __________ __________ ______ __________ _________ ____ _________ _______.
______ _________ _____ __________ ___ _____ __________.
_________ _______ ________ ____ ______ _______ __________ __________.
___ __________ _________ _____ _______.
_______ ___ ____ _________ ______ ____ ____ _______ _________.
_____ _____ ___ ___ __________ _________ _____ __________ ________ ______ _________ _________.
______ ________ _______ ___ _______ ________ _______ _________ ________ __________.
_______ _____ _________ _______ ____ ____ ___ _______ ____.
_______ ____ _________ ______ ________.
________ ______ ____ _____ ____ ____.
____ ______ ___ __________ ________ ________ ________.
_____ ________ __________ _________ ______ _____ _______ _____ ______ ___ ________.
______ _____ __________ ____ _____.
_______ ______ _______ __________ ________ ____ _________ ____ ____ ______.
_______ _________ ___ ______ _______ __________ ______ ________ _____ _____ ___.
___ ____ _________ _______ ___ ____ __________ ___ ________ ____ ______.
________ _________ _______ _______ _____ __________ ________ ______ _____ ___.
_______ _______ ____ _________ _____ _____ ______ _____ ________ _________ ________ ______.
_______ ________ ______ ______ ________ _________ ___ ______.
____ _____ ______ ___ ____ ______ ___ ______ ______ _______ _______.
___ _____ _____ ______ _________ ________ _____ __________ __________ _______ _____ __________.
________ ____ __________ ____ ______ ______.
_______ _____ _____ ____ _____ ____.
________ __________ ___ ___ ___ _____ _________ ______ _____ __________ _______.
______ ___ _____ _______ _________ ______ _________ __________ _______.
______ _______ ____ _________ ________ ___ ___ ________ ____ _____ ______.
_____ _____ ___ ____ __________ ________ _________ ________ ________ ____ ___ ___.
________ ____ ____ ________ ______ _________ _______ ___ ______.
______ ____ ___ ___ ____ _____ ____ ________.
_____ ________ ______ _____ ________ ____ ________.
_______ ____ ____ ____ _______.
_______ ________ _____ ____ ________ __________.
_____ _________ __________ ______ ______ ________ _______ ____ _________.
________ ___ ________ ______ ______ _____ _____ ___.
_____ ____ __________ _______ ______ _____ ____ ________ ____ _____ ____ ________.
___ __________ ___ _____ _________ ______ _______ ____ ___ _____ _____ _________.
_______ __________ _________ ___ _______ ________ _______ _________ _____ ____ ___.
__________ _____ _____ _________ ______ ___ _______ _________ __________ ____ ______ ________.
________ ____ ______ ________ _______ ____ ______ ___ _______.
___ __________ ______ ____ ____ __________.
________ _________ ______ _________ _______ ____ _______ ___ ________ _______ __________.
_____ _________ ______ _____ ________ __________ __________ ________ _________ ________ ______ ______.
____ _______ ___ __________ ___.
_______ _____ __________ __________ _________ ______ ____ _________ _________ ______ __________ _____.
_____ __________ ___ _________ _________ __________ ___ _________ ____ _______.
___ __________ ____ _____ ___ __________ _______ __________ ___.
_______ _________ __________ ______ _______ __________ ______ ________ ____.
______ ____ ________ _____ ___ ___ ________ ________ _______.
_________ _____ __________ ______ _________ ______.
____ _____ _______ _________ _____ ____ ______ _________ _________ _________ _________ _______.
______ _____ ___ ______ _________ ________ ___.
_____ _____ _________ _______ _______ ________ ____ ________ _____ _________.
________ _______ ____ _________ ____ _______ ______.
____ _______ _________ ________ ________ ______ _____ ________ ________ ___ _______.
________ ____ ___ ________ ______ __________ ___ ______ ___ ____.
_______ _______ _________ ___ _____ ________ _____ ______ ___ _______ ____.
______ ___ ____ _________ ______ ___ ____ ___ ________ _______ ____ ___.
______ _________ ______ __________ ___ ______ ______ __________ _____ ____ ______ _______.
_________ ___ _______ _____ ____ ________ _____ __________ ______ ____.
_______ _____ ___ ________ _______ ___ _____.
___ _______ ____ ______ ______ ________ ______ _________ ____ ________.
__________ _______ ____ ______ ______ _________ ________ _______.
____ ___ ____ _____ ________.
_________ _____ _______ ___ ___ ___ ______ ______ ________.
______ _________ ________ _________ ____ ___ _____ ____ _________.
________ _______ ____ ________ _______ _______.
_____ ____ _________ ___ ___ ____ ____ ___ ________ ________ ________.
____ ____ ____ _________ _______.
__________ ______ ____ ________ _____ _______ _____ ___ ______.
_______ ______ ___ _____ _______ ________ _____ ____ ___ ______.
______ ___ __________ _________ ____ _______ ____ ________ ______ _____ _________ ____.
________ ________ ____ ________ ____ ________ _____.
______ _____ _______ ________ ___ _____ _____ __________ ____ ___.
________ ________ ___ ___ __________ ___ ____.
_____ ____ ___ _________ __________ _____ __________ ___ _______ _______ _____ ______.
__________ _________ _____ _____ ________ ___ _____ ___.
____ ________ ________ _________ _____ ____ ________ _________ _____ _____ ___ ______.
____ ____ __________ _____ _________ ____ ________.
__________ ________ _________ _____ _________ ______ ______ ______ ___ ___ _________ ________.
_________ ___ _______ __________ __________ _________ _________ _______ ______ ___.
________ _____ _______ ________ _______ ______ _______ _______ ___.
_______ _______ _______ __________ ______ ___ ___ _________.
____ _________ ____ ___ _____ ____ _____.
_________ ____ ________ _______ ______ ________ __________ _______ _____ ___ _____.
________ ___ ________ _____ _____ ____ _______.
___ __________ ____ ____ _____ ____ _______ _________ _______ _______ _______ _______.
___ ______ ___ _____ ___ _____ _____ ______.
____ __________ _____ ________ ___ _________ ____ _____ __________ ______.
_____ ___ ____ _________ ________ ____.
_________ ________ _______ _____ ___ _________ _________ ________ _______ ______ ________.
_______ ___ ______ _______ ___ _________ _______ _________ ____ _____ _______.
___ _________ ______ __________ _______ ____ _______ ____ ___ __________.
_____ _________ ____ __________ ______ _________ _______ __________ ______ _________ _____ _____.
_____ _______ __________ _______ ____ _____ _________.
_______ ____ ______ __________ _________ ________ ___ ________ ___ ____ ______.
_________ _______ _________ ____ ________ _______ ____.
_____ __________ ______ ___ _________.
__________ ______ ___ _____ _______ ______ ____ _______ ___ ___.
________ ___ _________ ____ ________ _____ ______ _________ ____.
__________ _____ _____ ___ __________ ________ ______ ___ _______ ________ _________ ______.
_____ _______ __________ _______ _____ __________ ______ _______ ____ __________ _________.
______ __________ _______ __________ ____.
______ ____ _______ ______ ___ _______.
_______ _______ _____ ____ _________.
___ _______ __________ ____ __________.
____ ______ ________ __________ _____.
___ __________ _______ _______ ___ ____ ______ __________.
______ _________ _________ _________ _________ ___ ___ _______ _______ ________ ________ ________.
_________ ___ ________ _____ ___ ________ _____ ________ ____ _________ __________ ________.
__________ __________ _______ _______ ________ _________.
____ ______ ____ ______ _____ ________ ____ ___ ________.
_______ ______ ___ ________ ________ _________ ___ ________.
___ ____ ____ _______ ________ _____ ______.
___ _________ _________ ______ _______ _______ ____.
______ _____ __________ _________ _______ ____ __________ _________ ____ ______ ___ ___.
______ ______ _________ ______ _________ ________.
_____ ___ _______ ________ ______ ____.
____ _____ _______ _________ ______ ___ _____ _________ ___ __________.
________ _____ _________ ______ _________ _________ ________ _______ ____ ___.
______ ___ ____ _________ ______ _____.
______ __________ ___ _________ ____ _______ _________ ____ _________ ___.
____ _________ _________ _______ __________ ___ ______ _______ _______ __________.
___ _______ ____ _______ ___ _______ ____.
______ ____ ______ __________ _____ __________ ______ ____ ____ ____.
_____ __________ ______ ___ ______ ______ ________ ________ ___ ______ _____.
_______ ______ ______ _____ _______ _____ _____.
_______ ________ _____ ____ _______ ________ _________.
_____ ___ ____ ___ ______ _________ _____ ________ __________.
____ _________ __________ _________ ________ _______ __________ ____ ______ ___.
_____ _________ ______ _______ ___ _______ ______ ______ _______ _______ ____.
__________ _________ ___ ________ _____ ___ _____ ___.
____ _________ ______ _______ ____ ___ ______ ______ ______.
______ ____ _________ _____ ____ _____ ___ ____ _____ _______ ___.
__________ __________ _______ _______ ____ _________ __________ ____.
__________ ____ _________ ________ ______ ___ ___ ____ ________ ____.
_________ _____ _______ __________ ______ ________ _________.
______ __________ _________ ____ _____ __________ ___ ___ ___ ____ _________.
___ ________ ________ ___ __________ _________ ______ _______ _______ __________.
________ ____ ___ ____ __________ __________.
___ __________ ________ ___ __________.
_________ _______ _________ _______ _________ __________ __________ _____ ____.
__________ _________ ________ __________ _________.
________ _____ _________ _____ ______.
___ _________ _____ ________ _________ ______.
_______ _________ _____ ________ ______ ___ ______ _________ ________ ________ ___.
________ _________ __________ ____ ___.
_______ _______ ____ _____ ___ ____ ____ _______.
_________ ___ ___ _____ ________ _____ _____ ____.
________ ____ _________ ______ ______ ________ _________ ______ ___ __________.
__________ _______ ________ _________ _____ ______ _____ ____ ___ _______ ________.
________ _________ ___ _________ ___ _____ __________ ___ ________ ___.
_________ ____ _____ _________ ________ _________ _________ ________ ____ _____ ________.
_________ ____ ___ ____ ______ _____ ___ ___ _____ ______ _____.
________ ______ _______ __________ __________ ________ ________ ________ _________ __________.
_________ _________ ________.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp