What are nebulisers? Explain the principle of ultrasonic nebuliser. 

What is meant by fluorescence quenching? How does it affect the quantum yield of a fluorescence emission? 

Explain the principles of atomic absorption spectrophotometry and atomic emission spectrometry. 

The transmittance of a solution, containing 7.3 mg of an potassium dichromate per 100 cm3 , taken in a cuvette of path length of 1 cm is measured at 455 nm. If the percentage transmittance found to be 6, calculate the molar absorptivity of the oxidizing agent.

Enlist different components of an ICP torch. 

a) Explain McLafferty rearrangement with the help of a suitable example.

(b) Calculate IHD for the molecule having the molecular formula, C3H6O2.

( c) What kind of structural information is available from UV, IR, NMR and Mass spectra of an organic compound? 

Explain different pathways of atomic fluorescence emission.