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Judicial review in India is one of the most vital features of the Constitution, functioning as a cornerstone of the country's constitutional democracy. It refers to the power of the judiciary, primarily the Supreme Court and High Courts, to examine and determine the constitutionality of legislative enactments and executive actions. This power, while not explicitly detailed in the Constitution as “judicial review,” is derived from Articles 13, 32, 131 to 136, 141, and 226, among others. Its primary purpose is to ensure that the legislature and executive do not transgress the constitutional limits and to protect the fundamental rights of citizens. Over time, judicial review has evolved not only as a tool for safeguarding individual freedoms but also as a mechanism to maintain the balance among the three organs of the state. The protection of fundamental rights is perhaps the most visible role of judicial review in India. Fundamental rights, enshrined in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee individual liberties and prevent arbitrary state action. Article 32 explicitly empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs for the enforcement of these rights, while Article 226 grants similar powers to the High Courts. Judicial review ensures that any law or governmental action that violates these rights can be struck down as unconstitutional. For instance, in the landmark case of ______ ________ _______ _________ ____ __________ _______ __________ ________.
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