Critically examine the recent agrarian movements arising out of the capitalistic contradictions in India.

Some of the most important peasant movements in India are as follows: 1. Champaran Satyagraha (1917) 2. Kheda Peasant Struggle 3. The Bardoli Movement in Gujarat 4. Moplah Rebellion in Malabar 5. Peasant Revolt in Telangana 6. Tebhaga Movement in Bengal.

The history of agrarian unrest can be traced back to the first quarter of 1920s. The rural sociologists have used various terms for peasant unrest. For some the unrest is called as a peasant struggle, for some it is called as a peasant uprising and some others call it as a peasant revolution. Few other sociologists call it simply a movement.

Whatever may be the term the fact remains that the post-independent India has witnessed a signifi­cant revolution in agriculture. This revolution has increased the farm produce. It has now become the surplus farm produce for the market. Thus, agriculture has become capitalistic in nature.

The change in the agrarian situation has resulted in a change in the situation of the peasants, which has given rise to many problems. The peasants have more demands. These situations have also changed the relations between peasants and agricultural laborers

1. Champaran Satyagraha (1917):

The Champaran peasant movement was a part of the independence movement. After returning from South Africa, Gandhiji made the experiment of non-cooperation by lead­ing the Champaran (Bihar) and Kheda (Gujarat) peasant struggles. The basic idea was to mobilize the peasants and make them attain their demands.

The peasant movement of Champaran was launched in 1917-1918. The main aim was to create awakening among the peasantry against the European planters. These planters exploited the peasants without providing them adequate remuneration for their labor.

The European planters resorted to all sorts of illegal and inhuman methods of indigo cultivation. The peasants were not only exploited by the European planters but also by the local zamindars. It was in such a situation that Gandhiji took up their cause and launched the movement.

Some of the important causes of Champaran peasant struggle are as follows:

i. The land rent was increased enormously.

ii. The peasants were compelled by the European planters to grow indigo, which restricted their freedom of cultivation.

iii. The peasants were forced to devote their best part of land to cultivate crops according to the wishes of the landlord.

iv. The payment of wages was meager to the peasants, which was not sufficient to earn their livelihood.

v. The peasants of Champaran were living under miserable conditions and were suffering from abject poverty.

The peasantry of Champaran suffered a lot in the hands of European planters, landlords, and government officials. Gandhiji, who returned from South Africa at this time, wanted to practise his non-cooperation and Satyagraha in India. The people of Champaran also accepted his leadership.

Unfortunately, in the end, the movement turned violent due to the incident of Chauri Chaura. Gandhiji was very unhappy with this incident. However, the Champaran struggle is considered part of the national movement. The Champaran Satyagraha took place in April 1917. In order to oppress the peasants of Champaran, the British government adopted very serious methods. The peasants were tortured for not paying the excess rents.

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