Critically examine the Galtung's concept of structural violence.

Structural violence is a concept for a form of violence wherein some social structure or social institution may harm people by preventing them from meeting their basic needs.

The term was coined by Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung, who introduced it in his 1969 article "Violence, Peace, and Peace Research"] Some examples of structural violence as proposed by Galtung include institutionalized racism, sexism, and classism, among others.Structural violence and direct violence are said to be highly interdependent, including family violence, gender violence, hate crimes, racial violence, police violence, state violence, terrorism, and war. It is very closely linked to social injustice insofar as it affects people differently in various social structuresAccording to Johan Galtung, rather than conveying a physical image, structural violence is an "avoidable impairment of fundamental human needs."

Galtung contrasts structural violence with "classical violence:" violence that is "direct," characterized by rudimentary, impermanent "bodily destruction" committed by some actor. Galtung places this as the first category of violence. In this sense, the purest form of structural violence can be understood as violence that endures with no particular beginning, and that lacks an 'actor' to have committed it

Beginning with Galtung and Arendt’s definitions of violence, both theorists define violence in opposition to another term. Whereas Galtung defines violence as the opposite of peace (Galtung, 1969:168), Arendt reasons that power and violence are opposites, such that one is absent when the other rules (Arendt, 1970:56). According to Johan Galtung, violence occurs when human beings’ potential, either somatic or mental, are not realised (Galtung, 1969:168). This typology of violence is then applied to the nation-state to analyse the relation between violence and the political order. Alternatively, Arendt asserts that _____ ______ _______ _________ __________.
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