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In object-oriented analysis and design, abstract classes and interfaces play an important role in defining explicit design contracts within system architecture. Both mechanisms support abstraction, promote reusability, and help establish relationships between software components. However, they serve different architectural purposes and have distinct implications when designing decoupled boundaries between system modules. An abstract class represents a partially implemented class that defines common characteristics and behaviors for a group of related objects. It can contain abstract methods that subclasses must implement as well as concrete methods that provide shared functionality. In system architecture, abstract classes are useful when there is a strong “is-a” relationship among objects and when multiple components share common state, logic, or implementation details. ______ ____ ________ __________ ________ ________ ______ __________.
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