Critically examine the characteristics of the temple towns in the peninsular India. 

Temple towns represent a very important pattern of urbanization. The city was built around the temple. These were centers of religious activities as well as had administrative importance. 

Champakalakshmi identifies four major factors behind the rise of Kudamukku-Palaiyarai (the twin capital cities of the Cholas) as prominent urban centre in the Chola heartland in the Tamilakam region in the early medieval period. The foremost importance is given by her to the emergence of brahmadeya and devadana grants – brahmadeyas being instrumental in creating rural hinterland; the resource base and temple emerged as ‘consumption points’ facilitating trade and crafts. The conscious efforts of the state to create political and administrative centres at strategic locations, particularly the urban development of Palaiyarai could be attributed largely on account of its being the Chola residential capital; emergence of sacred associations facilitating the emergence of sacred centres contributed in a big way to the urbanisation in the region. She believes, though undoubtedly trade was the facilitator but ‘trade and commercial activities…were not the dominant factor in the development of Kudamukku-Palaiyarai’ (Champakalakshmi, 1996: 356). However, __________ __________ ______ ____ ___ ___ ___ ________ ____ ____ _______.
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