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Dalit movements in post-independence India represent a significant strand of social mobilization aimed at challenging caste-based oppression and achieving social, economic, and political equality. These movements emerged in response to the historical marginalization of Dalits, who were subjected to untouchability, social exclusion, and economic deprivation under the caste system. The post-independence period saw a shift in the nature and strategies of Dalit movements, influenced by constitutional provisions, political opportunities, and changing socio-economic conditions. The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, provided a legal framework for Dalit emancipation. It abolished untouchability, guaranteed equality before the law, and introduced affirmative action through reservations in education, employment, and political representation. These legal measures laid the foundation for Dalit mobilization, yet they also generated tensions between institutional mechanisms and grassroots activism. While constitutional safeguards opened avenues for social mobility, ______ _____ _______ ______ _____ _________ _________ ___ ______ ________.
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