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(a)Theories of Causation in Buddhism and Nyaya:

Buddhism and Nyaya are two distinct philosophical schools in India, and they have differing theories of causation. Let's compare the theories of causation in these two schools:

1. Buddhism:

• Theory of Dependent Origination: In Buddhism, the theory of causation is often described through the concept of "Dependent Origination" (Paticcasamuppada). According to this theory, all phenomena arise in dependence on multiple causes and conditions. Nothing exists independently or inherently. Instead, everything is interconnected and interdependent. The chain of dependent origination explains how suffering (dukkha) arises and how it can be overcome through the cessation of its causes.

• Twelve Links of Dependent Origination: The twelve links of dependent origination represent a chain of causation that leads to the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara). The chain starts with ignorance and leads to suffering and rebirth. Breaking this chain through the eradication of ignorance leads to liberation (nirvana).

• No Permanent Self: Buddhism rejects the concept of an unchanging, permanent self (atman). Instead, it argues that all things are impermanent, devoid of a fixed essence, and subject to constant change.

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