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The religious traditions of Jainism and Buddhism, both emerging from the Indian subcontinent around the 6th century BCE, present profound philosophical systems that address the nature of reality and the path to liberation. Despite originating in similar socio-cultural contexts and reacting against the ritualistic and metaphysical constructs of Vedic Brahmanism, they diverge significantly in their metaphysical assumptions and soteriological goals. A comparative analysis of Jainism and Buddhism in terms of their conceptions of reality and liberation illuminates the depth and distinctiveness of each tradition. ### Concept of Reality In Jainism, reality is considered pluralistic and eternal. The Jain worldview is based on the doctrine of *anekantavada* (non-absolutism), which posits that reality is multifaceted and cannot be comprehended from a single perspective. The universe, according to Jain metaphysics, is composed of two kinds of substances: *jiva* (conscious, living beings) and *ajiva* (non-living matter). These are further subdivided into five *ajiva* substances—dharma (principle of motion), adharma (principle of rest), akasha (space), pudgala (matter), and kala (time)—and one *jiva* substance which is the soul or self. Jains uphold the notion that each soul is inherently pure, eternal, and possesses infinite knowledge, bliss, and energy. However, it becomes entangled with *karma*—a subtle form of matter—which binds to the soul due to passions, desires, and actions. This karmic material ___ ______ _______ _________ _____ ___ ___ _________ ______ ____.
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