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Humans and apes share a common ancestor, which results in several anatomical similarities. However, significant differences also exist due to divergent evolutionary paths. In biological anthropology, comparative anatomy helps understand both evolutionary relationships and functional adaptations. One of the most notable differences lies in the posture and locomotion. Humans are bipedal, walking upright on two legs, while most apes are quadrupedal, using knuckle-walking or brachiation. The human vertebral column is S-shaped, providing upright posture and balance, whereas apes have a more C-shaped spine suited to quadrupedal movement. The pelvis in humans is ____ ________ _____ _______ _______ _____ ____.
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