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Cycas and Pinus are both gymnosperms, but they belong to different groups; Cycas is a member of the Cycadophyta, while Pinus belongs to the Coniferophyta. Both exhibit heterospory and produce seeds without flowers, but their reproductive structures and modes of reproduction show notable differences. In Cycas, male and female reproductive structures are produced on separate plants, making them dioecious. The male cones, also called microsporophylls, are spirally arranged and bear microsporangia on their lower surfaces, where pollen grains develop. Each microsporangium produces numerous microspores that develop into pollen grains. Female reproductive structures of ____ ____ __________ _______ _________ ________ ____.
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