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Morphological criteria for racial classification are based on observable physical features of the human body that vary among populations. In the field of biological anthropology, race has traditionally been studied through these criteria to understand human diversity, although modern perspectives emphasize that human variation is continuous and not strictly divided into rigid racial categories. Morphological characteristics are considered the primary basis for earlier racial classifications because they can be directly observed and measured. These features reflect genetic differences shaped by evolutionary processes, adaptation to the environment, and population history. Among the most important morphological traits used for racial classification are skin color, hair form, facial features, nose shape, lip thickness, eye color, and skull form, along with stature and body proportions. Each of these criteria has been studied for its adaptive, evolutionary, and geographic significance. Skin color is one of the most prominent morphological features used in racial classification. It is determined primarily by the amount and type of melanin in the skin, along with environmental factors such as exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Populations living closer to the equator typically have darker skin to protect against intense sunlight and UV radiation, while populations in temperate or polar regions have lighter skin, which facilitates vitamin D synthesis in conditions of lower sunlight. Skin color was historically used to differentiate major groups ______ ___ ___ ____ ___ ________ _______ ____.
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