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The Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) is a landmark community-driven development initiative that began in 1980 in Orangi Town, Karachi, Pakistan. It was initiated by Akhtar Hameed Khan with the goal of addressing the severe sanitation and infrastructure deficiencies faced by the residents of Orangi, a low-income settlement. The project is often cited as a model of participatory management, as it relies heavily on the active involvement of the local community in planning, implementation, and maintenance of development initiatives. The core idea behind OPP was to empower residents to take responsibility for their own development rather than depending solely on government agencies, which were often unable or unwilling to provide effective services due to bureaucratic ___ __________ _________ _____ ___ __________ ___ _______ ___ ______ _________ ______.
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