Briefly discuss the nature of disaster management in mountainous regions.

The mountain habitats share certain similar bio-climatic features and concerns across the world, whether these are the Alps mountain regions of European countries or Andean mountain ranges in the South America (Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina) or Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region countries in the South Asia (Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar). These relate primarily to the changing mountain environment due to degradation of resources owing to their excessive use. This has resulted in reduction in biomass production, marginalization and low human welfare. Many of these mountain regions are prone to natural hazards (landslides, earthquakes, avalanches, diseases etc. (Li Tianchi et.al. 2001). Human conflict and wars also concentrated in many of the poor regions (Libiszewski and Bachler, 1997) making the life of the mountain people more vulnerable. The minority inhabitants in certain mountain regions suffered not only from the resources exploitation but also from ethnic conflict, violence and wars (Ives, 1997). But then, there are major differences in the mountain economies of the developed countries of Europe and that of Andean regions and HKH regions in respect of their development trajectories. Mountain regions of European countries (Alps) had much similar situations during the 18th Century to what exists today in the mountain regions of Andean or HKH regions. These Alpine inhabitants, for instance, had witnessed high poverty, out-migration, malnutrition and even outright starvation during Little Ice Age (1500 to 1850 AD) (Ives, 1997). European mountain regions developed fast primarily because of their strong external linkages with the developed regions experiencing industrial revolution, and in this process, mountain regions benefited significantly from this strong linkage effect (Messerli and Ives, 1997). Development of transports – both navigation and railways – had facilitated long distance trade. Large-scale out-migration helped in reducing the demographic pressure, and unlike most developing countries today, Europe at that time experienced faster growth of income than the population, thereby improving their standard of living. The _________ __________ ___ __________ ________ ________ ___ ______ _____.
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