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Crown ethers are cyclic polyether compounds containing several ether oxygen atoms arranged in a ring structure capable of selectively binding metal ions through coordination interactions. The extraction of metal ions using crown ethers is based on their ability to form stable host–guest complexes with specific cations depending on the size of the cavity and the ionic radius of the metal ion. The oxygen atoms present ______ ____ ______ _______ ________ _________ _____ ___ _____.
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