Briefly discuss the character of Early Harappan Civilization? Describe the major sites of the early Harappan period.

(1) Town Planning:

The Harappan cities were generally divided into two main parts - the raised area; known as the ‘Citadel’, and the lower town. The Citadel was more in height because the buildings in it were built on mud-brick platforms. This area was separated from the lower town by a wall. The Citadel had within its fold important buildings like the Great Bath, the assembly hall, the granary and the workshops. The lower town, on the other hand, had residential dwellings

The Harappan culture was distinguished by its system of town planning. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro each had its own citadel or acropolis, which was possibly occupied by members of the ruling class.

The remarkable thing about the arrangement of the houses in the cities is that they followed the grid system.

According to it, roads cut across one another almost at right angles, and the city was divided into so many blocks.

The house drains relayed all the wastewater to the drains built-in streets.

 A tapered embankment to protect against floods was made along the outer defensive wall as well. This was formed by filling up the previous alluvial deposits that had been washed away by rains with more mud bricks and mud. 6 variants of the internal plan are seen made using baked bricks and spreading over a considerable period of time.

(2) Central Administration :

Administrative control over the distribution of water and other resources, Standardisation: For example, the size of bricks in the ratio of 1:2:4, weights increasing in the proportion of 8, set the style of shapes and painted designs of pottery, majestic and non-residential buildings for public administrative offices. Their monuments symbolised the ability of the ruling class to mobilise labour and collect taxes; the huge brick constructions also impressed the common people with the prestige and influence of their rulers.

(3) Social organisation :

Social hierarchy based on the position of power, classes of skilled artisans and individuals based on craft specialisation, belief systems and artefacts/ architecture indicative of them, evidence of burials indicative of rituals after death. It was an Urban Society consisting mainly of the middle class, highly developed civic life, a stratified social structure, division of labour based on the specialisation of work like craftsmen, sculptors, jewellers, merchant, traders, potters, carpenters etc. The presence of the _________ _____ ______ _____ ________ _____ _______ _____ _____ __________.
_____ ____ _____ ______ _______ __________ ___ ______.
________ __________ ____ _______ _________ ____ ________ ______ ___ _______ ________ ___.
________ __________ _________ _____ ______ ______ _______ ________ ______ __________ _________ _______.
________ ____ _________ ________ _____ ______ _______ _________.
______ _________ ______ _____ ____ ___ ________.
__________ ____ ________ __________ _______ __________ ____.
__________ _______ ______ _____ __________ _________ ___ ______ ___ _______.
_________ ______ ______ _______ ______.
_________ ____ ______ __________ ___ _____ ______ _______ ____.
____ _______ _____ _________ ___ __________ __________ ________ ________ _______ ___.
___ _____ ______ ______ _________ ____ ________ ___ _________ ________.
________ _________ __________ ___ ______ _________ _____ ________ ________ ________ ____.
___ _______ __________ ___ _____ _____.
_____ _________ _______ _______ __________ _______ _________ ___ _______ ___ __________.
______ ________ __________ __________ ________ ___.
____ ____ ___ _______ __________.
_______ _______ ______ _____ ______ ___ ___ ______ _________ ____.
_________ _____ _______ _________ _____ __________ __________ _________ __________.
__________ ______ __________ ________ _______ _________ __________ ___.
_____ _________ ______ _________ _________ _________ _________ ____ _____.
___ _________ __________ __________ ___ ____ __________ _____.
_______ ________ __________ ___ __________ ___ __________.
__________ ____ __________ ____ _____ ___ ________ _____ _____ ____.
__________ _______ ________ _____ ________ ________ _____.
_______ _______ _________ ___ ___ ________ _________ ________ _____.
_____ ____ ________ ____ ____ __________ __________ _______ __________.
______ _____ _________ _________ ____ ___ ____ __________ ___ _______ _________.
_______ ___ _______ ____ _____ _____ _______ _________ ___ ____ _______ _________.
_______ _________ __________ _________ ______ _____ _________.
___ ______ ______ ________ _______ ______.
___ ______ _____ _________ ______.
_____ ___ _________ _______ ________ ___ _________ ____ ______ _______ ______.
_________ ____ ____ _____ _____ ________ ______ _______.
_______ _____ ______ _____ ____ _____ ___ ___ _________ ________ ______ __________.
______ ___ ___ ____ _____ _________.
_____ ____ __________ ______ _________ _______ ___ ___ ______ ____ ___.
__________ ___ ________ ________ ______ _______ _______ _________.
___ _________ ______ ____ _____ ___ ____.
_____ _____ ___ _________ _____ _________ ____ ______ _______ ___ __________ _________.
_________ ______ ____ _________ ____ ___ __________ __________.
_______ _______ _____ ___ ______.
________ ______ __________ _____ _________ ___ ______ _____ ___.
______ _______ _______ _______ _____ _________ __________ __________ _______ ________ _________ ______.
______ ________ _____ _______ ___ ______ ________ ____ __________ __________ __________.
____ _______ ____ _________ __________ _____ ___ ________ __________ ________ __________ _________.
_____ ____ _______ __________ ______ _______ ______ __________ ____.
_______ __________ _________ _________ ________ _______ _______ ___.
__________ _________ ______ _________ _______ ______ _______ __________ _______ ___ __________.
____ _______ ______ _____ _________ __________ ___.
______ _______ ______ ____ _________ _______ ___ _________ ______ ___ ____ ____.
___ ______ _______ _______ ____ _________ __________ ____.
__________ __________ ______ ______ _____ ____ __________.
__________ ___ ___ ______ ___ _____ ________.
___ ___ _________ _________ ______ _____ _________ ________ ____ _______ ________.
____ __________ ___ _____ __________ _______ __________ _________.
_________ _______ ________ _______ ______ ____ _________.
________ _________ ________ _________ __________ ________ _______ _________ ___ ____ ___ _______.
__________ _______ _____ ___ ____ ___ ______.
_____ _________ ______ ______ ________ _______ ____ ________.
_______ ______ _____ _________ ___ __________ ________.
__________ ___ ________ __________ ______ _________ ______ ____ ____ __________ _____ __________.
_______ _______ __________ _________ ___ ______ _________ _______ _________ ___.
_____ _____ ____ _____ __________ _____ __________ ___ _______ ____ ______.
_________ ______ ____ __________ ______ _____ ________ _______ _______ _______ ________ __________.
___ ________ ____ ______ ______ ______ ____ ___ ______ _____.
____ ________ _______ _______ ___ __________.
_______ ______ ____ ________ ________ ______ _________.
_____ _____ ___ _____ _____ ___ _______.
____ _____ _________ _____ ____ ____ _____ _________ ________ ______.
_________ ________ ________ _________ ____ ___ _______.
__________ ____ _________ ______ ________.
______ ___ _______ ______ _______ _______ _________ ___ ___.
______ ___ ____ ____ ___ ________ _______.
__________ _________ _____ __________ _________.
______ _______ ________ ____ ____ ___ ______ ____.
_________ ______ _______ ______ ___ ________ _____ __________ __________ ____.
_______ _________ ________ ____ ___ _________ ______ ___ _______ ____.
_____ ____ __________ ___ __________ ____ ________ ______.
_________ __________ ___ _____ _______ ____ ___.
____ _____ ___ ________ _______ ________ ____ ____ ______ __________ __________.
________ ________ _________ ________ ___ _______.
_______ ______ _________ ________ ______ ___ ______ __________ __________ ______.
________ _________ ________ ____ ________ _______ ____ __________ ____ ____.
______ _______ _________ ____ __________ _______ ____ __________ _________ ___.
_____ _________ ____ _______ ___ ____ ____ _____ ____ ________ ______.
___ __________ ______ __________ _____ __________ ______.
___ _________ _____ ____ ______ _____.
__________ ____ _______ _______ __________ _________ ______ ___ ____ ______ _____.
_______ ____ ________ _________ ________ __________ _____.
____ _____ _____ _____ ____ __________.
________ _____ ______ ___ __________ ____ _________ __________.
_________ _________ ____ __________ __________ ________ _________ ______ _________.
_______ ____ ______ ______ ____ _____ __________ ____ ______ __________ _______ ______.
___ _______ _______ ____ ___ _________ _________ ___ ________ _____.
__________ _______ _____ ______ _______ _________ _____ _____ _______ ______ ______ _________.
___ ______ ______ ___ ___ ________ _________ ______ ___.
____ _______ ______ ___ _______ _________ _______.
_____ ________ _______ ____ _________ ____ ______.
_______ ______ ______ ______ _________ _________ ______ _______ _____.
__________ ___ __________ ____ ___.
_______ ______ _________ ___ ___ _____ ____ _________.
________ ______ __________ ____ _________ _______ _________ ________ _________ ______.
________ _________ ____ _________ _______.
______ _______ _____ _____ _______ _________ ______ ______ __________.
___ ____ _______ ___ _______ ______ ____ ________.
_____ _______ ___ _______ ________ ___ _________ ____.
_______ _________ ___ __________ ___ ___ ____ _________ _________ _________ __________.
________ __________ _____ ____ ______ ________ ____ ______ ______ ______ ___ _______.
______ ________ ___ ______ ___ _____.
______ __________ ____ __________ ____ ___ _____ _______ ____ ____ ________.
___ ________ ______ ______ _______ ___ __________ _________ ______ ______.
_______ ______ ___ _________ ____ _______ _____ ____ _____.
________ _______ _____ _______ _______.
_____ _________ ___ _______ _____.
___ ________ _____ __________ _________ _______ ________ _________ ___.
______ __________ ______ ________ ___ _______ _______ ___ ______ _________ ________.
_______ ________ _________ ________ _______ ____ _______.
______ ___ ______ _______ ___ ________.
_______ _______ _________ ____ _______ __________ _____ ________ ____ ______ _______ ____.
_____ _____ __________ _______ _____ __________ _____ ________.
_________ _____ ___ ________ _____ _______ ___.
_____ _____ _________ __________ _______ _______ ____ ____ _________ _________.
_________ _______ __________ _____ __________ _____.
____ __________ ____ ___ ________ ___ ___ _______ _______ _______ _____.
_________ _____ ___ _________ ______ ______ ____ _________ ____ ____ ____.
________ _________ _______ _____ _____ __________ _________ ____ _________ _____ _________ _______.
____ ________ ______ ______ ________ __________ _____.
____ ___ __________ ______ ______ __________ ____ _______ ___ _____ _________.
_________ _____ ___ _____ ______ ________ ______ ________ ___ ______ __________.
_________ __________ _________ _______ __________ ________ ________.
_____ _____ ___ ___ _______ ___ __________.
_______ ________ ____ _________ ______ ______ ______ ____ _________ _________.
______ _________ ________ _______ _____ ____ ________ ____ __________ ______.
__________ ________ ___ _______ _____ _______.
_____ __________ _______ _________ ________ __________ ____ ________ ___.
___ _________ ______ _______ _______.
________ _____ _________ ____ _________ _______ __________ __________ _______ _____ ______.
_____ ___ ___ ________ ______ __________ _____ ________ ____.
____ _____ ___ ________ ____ ________ _________ ________.
__________ __________ _______ ______ ___.
____ __________ ________ ________ ______ ____.
________ ________ ___ ________ ____.
__________ __________ ___ __________ _____ ________.
__________ _______ ______ __________ ____ ____ ____.
________ __________ ____ _________ _____ _________ ___ _____ __________ _______ _______ _______.
__________ __________ ____ ____ _________.
_____ ___ _____ __________ ___ _______ __________ ________ ________ __________ ______ ___.
________ _____ _________ ______ _________ _________ ______.
_________ _________ _____ ______ ___ _________ ____ _____ _________.
___ _________ _________ ___ _________ ____.
_____ _______ ___ __________ _________.
______ ___ ________ ____ _____ __________ __________ ___ ________ _______ ______ ___.
___ ____ _______ _____ ____ _______ ______.
____ _________ __________ ______ _______ _____ ___ _____ __________ ____ ______ __________.
____ __________ ________ _____ ______ _______.
____ ____ _______ _____ ______ ______ ____ _________.
_____ ________ _____ _______ ______ ____ ____ _______ ___ ______ _____ _______.
_________ _____ ___ ________ _________ ______ _____ __________ _______.
________ _______ __________ _____ ______.
_____ __________ _____ ______ _____ _____ ______ _______ ________ ___ _________.
____ ______ _________ ___ _____ ______ _________ ______ ____ ___ ____ _________.
__________ ____ ______ _______ ____ ____.
__________ __________ _______ ____ ________.
____ __________ ______ ________ _______ _____ _________ ____ ________ _____ _______.
____ _______ _________ ____ _____.
______ __________ ________ _____ _____ __________ ____.
______ ________ ______ ________ ___ _______ _____ __________ ______.
__________ _________ _______ _______ ___ _______ ___ __________.
____ ________ ______ __________ ________ ___.
___ __________ ________ ______ ______ ___.
________ ________ ________ ________ ____ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______ ________.
_____ ______ _________ ______ ________ _________ __________ ______ ________.
________ _____ ___ ____ ______.
________ __________ _______ __________ ________ ____ _______ __________.
___ ____ _______ ____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ __________ ___.
__________ _________ ________ ________ _______ _______ _____ ____ _______.
__________ ___ ________ __________ _________ ____ _____ _______ __________ ____ _____ __________.
__________ _______ ________ ________ _____ __________ __________ ___ ___ ________.
________ _____ ______ _________ ___ ____.
_______ _____ ______ __________ __________ _______ ________.
___ ________ _______ ______ _______ ____ _________ ________ ______.
_________ _______ ________ ________ __________ __________ ___ __________.
___ _____ ____ _____ _____ _____ __________ ________ ___.
__________ _________ ____ ______ _________ ________.
___ ________ _______ _________ ___ ______ ______.
____ _____ _________ ________ ___ __________ _______ _________.
______ ___ _______ ___ ______ _____ _________ ___ _____ _______ _________.
____ __________ __________ _____ _____ ____ ____ ________ _________.
______ _____ ____ _____ ________ ______ ________ ___ _____.
___ _____ _____ ________ ____ __________ _______.
______ ___ ____ ____ ___ __________ ______ _________ ___.
____ ________ __________ _____ __________ ________ ______ _______ ____ _______ _________.
_____ ______ ________ __________ ___ ____.
_________ _________ ___ ____ _______ ________ _______.
_______ _______ ________ ____ _______.
________ ___ ___ ____ _____.
_________ _____ ________ ______ __________ ______.
__________ ___ ___ ______ __________ ________ __________ ______ _______ _____ _______ _________.
___ _____ __________ __________ ____ _____ ______ ____ ________ _______ ______.
________ _______ _____ ____ _______ ____.
__________ _____ _______ ______ ___ _____ _________ ____ _______ ______ _______ _____.
___ _________ ________ _______ _______ _____.
_______ ____ _____ ________ ___ ____ ____ _______ _________ ______ ______ _______.
________ ___ ___ _________ _____ __________.
_______ ________ ____ _____ _________ ___ ___.
______ _________ _____ ________ _____ _____ _____ _______.
_________ ________ _____ __________ ___.
____ ____ ______ ___ ______ ______ ______ _____ ____ ____ _____.
_________ _______ __________ __________ _____ ________.
___ ____ ________ ___ __________ ______ ____ _________ ___ ________.
_______ ______ __________ ___ ________ ___ ____ ______ ______ ____ _____ _______.
____ _______ ___ ___ __________ _________ _____.
________ ________ _____ ___ _______ ______ ________.
_____ ________ _______ _______ ________ ______ ____ ______ _____ ________ _______.
________ ___ __________ __________ _______.
___ ______ _____ ____ _____ _______ _________ ____ _______ ___.
_______ ______ ____ ________ ___ ______ ________ ______ __________ ______ ___ ____.
_______ __________ __________ ___ ____ ___ _______ _______ _____.
_____ ___ ________ _________ __________ ________ _________ ___ _________ ________.
___ _____ _______ _____ ____ _________ _________ _______ _________ ____.
___ _______ ________ ________ ________ ______ _________.
___ ____ ___ ___ _______ _______.
__________ ___ _____ _____ ___ ______ ___ ___ _______ ____ ________.
___ __________ _________ ___ __________ ___ _____ ________ _____ _________ __________ __________.
______ ___ _______ ______ ______.
___ ______ ___ _________ __________ ____.
_______.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp