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Surgical artefacts are modifications or marks present on the human body or skeleton that result from medical or surgical procedures performed during life or after death. In forensic anthropology, these artefacts are of great importance because they help establish the identity of unknown individuals, reconstruct medical history, distinguish therapeutic interventions from traumatic injuries, and prevent misinterpretation of skeletal evidence during forensic investigations. Surgical artefacts may be found in both soft tissues and bones. On skeletal remains, they commonly appear as evidence of orthopedic surgeries, amputations, craniotomies, joint replacements, spinal fixation procedures, dental restorations, and fracture repairs. These alterations often leave characteristic patterns that differ significantly from injuries caused by accidents, violence, or postmortem damage. Orthopedic implants are among the most frequently encountered surgical artefacts. These include metal plates, screws, pins, intramedullary rods, prosthetic joints, and fixation wires used to stabilize fractures or replace damaged bones. Such devices are ______ ___ _______ ___ ___ _____.
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