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Aboriginal land rights and indigenous movements in Australia have played a central role in shaping the country’s political, social, and legal landscape. The struggle for recognition of indigenous rights, particularly regarding land, has been ongoing since the colonization of Australia in 1788, when British settlement was based on the doctrine of *terra nullius*—the notion that the land belonged to no one prior to European arrival. This doctrine disregarded the presence of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, who had inhabited and managed the land for over 60,000 years with complex cultural, spiritual, and economic connections to it. The imposition of colonial rule led to dispossession, dislocation, and marginalization of indigenous communities, creating long-lasting consequences that continue to shape contemporary debates on justice, sovereignty, and equality in Australian politics. The Aboriginal land rights movement gained momentum in the mid-twentieth century, particularly after the Second World War, when indigenous activism began to intersect with broader civil rights struggles around the world. A key turning point was the Gurindji people’s Wave Hill walk-off in 1966. Initially framed as a protest against poor wages and working conditions on a cattle station owned by the British company Vestey’s, the walk-off evolved into a broader demand for land rights. Led by Vincent Lingiari, the Gurindji strike highlighted the deep spiritual and cultural significance of land for Aboriginal people, going beyond material or economic considerations. The movement eventually led to the handover of some land back to the Gurindji in 1975 by Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in a symbolic gesture where he poured soil into Lingiari’s hand. This act marked a powerful political acknowledgment of indigenous claims to traditional land. The Aboriginal land rights movement also took on legal and legislative forms. The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act of 1976 was a landmark law passed by the federal government under Malcolm Fraser. It was the first major piece of legislation that recognized the right of Aboriginal people in the _____ ________ ____ _______ ____.
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