Archaeological methods

The study of archaeology involves the use of a wide range of techniques, many of which have been borrowed from other disciplines. Excavation, the technique most widely associated with archaeology, is only one of many methods of studying the past. Before the archaeologist even puts a trowel to the ground, there are many ways of discovering the possible presence of archaeological material. These are called non-invasive techniques, as they do not involve the destruction of the site.

The main non-invasive techniques include:

• aerial photography - light and dark patterns in soils or crops may reveal sites
• desktop survey - known sites in the area are checked on the Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) or Historic Environment Record (HER)
• ground-penetrating radar, resistivity and magnetometer surveys - these and other techniques are used to 'see' patterns of low and high resistivity below the ground
• contour survey - to discover and plan earthworks
• physical survey - to record standing buildings or earthworks
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