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Women’s participation in business activities during the medieval period was an important but complex aspect of the Indian economy. Although medieval society was largely patriarchal and women’s economic roles were often restricted by social customs, caste norms, religious practices, and family structures, women actively contributed to production, trade, and commercial activities in various ways. Their involvement was visible in household industries, agriculture, craft production, market exchanges, and sometimes even in large-scale commercial enterprises. The economic role of women during the medieval period cannot be understood separately from the broader structure of the economy. The medieval Indian economy was based on agriculture, handicrafts, village industries, and expanding trade networks. Women formed a significant part of the labour force in agricultural and artisanal production. In rural areas, women participated in activities such as sowing, harvesting, processing grains, spinning, weaving, animal care, and preparation of agricultural products. Their labour contributed substantially to household income and the functioning of the rural economy, although it was often not officially recognised or recorded. Women’s participation was particularly significant in textile production, which was one of the major industries of medieval India. Spinning was largely considered women’s work in many regions. Women produced yarn from cotton, wool, and other fibres, which was later used by weavers to manufacture cloth. In regions famous for textile production, such as Bengal, Gujarat, and the Deccan, women contributed extensively to the textile economy. They also participated in embroidery, dyeing, and other related activities. The growth of domestic and international textile trade depended ____ _______ _______ ______ ____ _________.
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