Analyse the role of Brahmanism and Buddhism in state formation in Southeast Asia during 9th-12th century CE.

The process of state formation in Southeast Asia during the 9th to 12th century CE was deeply influenced by Indian religious and philosophical traditions, particularly Brahmanism and Buddhism. These traditions were not merely transplanted from the Indian subcontinent but were actively adapted and integrated into local political and cultural frameworks, contributing to the emergence of centralized polities and legitimization of power.

Brahmanism played a critical role in legitimizing the authority of early Southeast Asian rulers. The adoption of Hindu concepts such as divine kingship, varna-based social organization, and temple-based economy enabled rulers to project themselves as semi-divine figures or incarnations of _______ _________ _____ _________ ______ _______ ___ _________ ________ _________ ___.
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