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Planning in China has been a central feature of its administrative system since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The planning process has evolved from a rigid centrally planned economy to a socialist market economy where state planning coexists with market mechanisms. The Chinese planning system aims to promote economic growth, social welfare, technological advancement, environmental sustainability, and national security. It reflects the strong role of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the State Council, and various planning institutions in directing national development. In the early decades, China adopted the Soviet model of centralized planning. The government prepared Five-Year Plans that fixed production targets, allocated resources, controlled prices, and determined investment priorities. State-owned enterprises played the leading role in achieving these targets. Although this system helped build industrial capacity, it also resulted in inefficiencies, lack of innovation, and limited flexibility. After the economic reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, the planning process underwent significant transformation. China gradually shifted towards a socialist market economy where planning ___ ____ _________ _______ __________ ________ _______.
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