Analyse the functioning of the federal system in India.

### Introduction

India's federal system is enshrined in its Constitution, creating a dual governance structure between the Union and the States. This arrangement is fundamental to India's democracy, enabling power-sharing to manage the vast diversity of the country. However, the functioning of the federal system in India has been dynamic, marked by cooperative as well as confrontational tendencies between the Centre and the States.

### Constitutional Provisions for Federalism

The Indian Constitution provides for a quasi-federal structure with a strong unitary bias. It divides powers between the Union and State governments under three lists in the Seventh Schedule:

- Union List: Subjects of national importance such as defense, foreign affairs, and currency.
- State List: Subjects of local and regional importance such as police, public health, and agriculture.
- Concurrent List: Subjects on which both the Union and States can ________ ______ __________ ______ ________ ___ _________.
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