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Software architecture has evolved significantly with changes in computer technology, networking, business requirements, and user expectations. In the early period of computing, organizations mainly used centralized mainframe systems. In this architecture, a powerful central computer performed most processing and stored data, while users accessed the system through relatively simple terminals. Although centralized systems provided strong control and security, they were expensive, difficult to scale, and heavily dependent on the central machine. With the development of personal computers, the standalone desktop computing model became popular. In this model, applications, operating systems, and data processing were largely located on individual computers. Software such as word processors, spreadsheets, accounting packages, and database applications could be installed and operated independently on each desktop. This architecture provided users with flexibility and faster local processing. However, organizations faced difficulties in maintaining software versions, sharing data, ensuring security, and creating ___ __________ __________ ________ __________.
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