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The argument “All substances have qualities. Some qualities have actions. Therefore, some substances have actions.” can be analyzed using logical tools such as categorical logic and syllogistic reasoning to determine its validity. The structure of the argument involves three propositions. The first is a universal affirmative: “All substances have qualities.” In categorical terms, this can be written as: A (All S are Q) — Every member of the category "substances" possesses at least one member of the category "qualities." This indicates a relationship between two classes: substances (S) and qualities (Q), where S _____ ___ _______ ______ ____ ________ ______ _______.
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