Age related changes in the lymphoid organs

Age-related changes in the lymphoid organs are significant components of the aging process and have profound effects on immune system function. These changes, collectively termed immunosenescence, lead to a decline in both innate and adaptive immunity, increasing susceptibility to infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies in older adults.

The primary lymphoid organs—thymus and bone marrow—undergo structural and functional modifications with age. The thymus, essential for T-cell development, exhibits a marked reduction in size and activity, a process known __________ ______ ________ _____ ___ ___ _____ ________ ____.
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