Abstract Class

In C++, an abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is meant to be used as a base class for other classes. It is designed to serve as a blueprint for derived classes by defining a common interface and some common functionality that all derived classes must implement. Abstract classes are a key component of object-oriented programming and facilitate the concept of abstraction.

Here are some key characteristics and features of abstract classes in C++:

1. Pure Virtual Functions:
   - Abstract classes often contain one or more pure virtual functions. A pure virtual function is a virtual function that ______ ______ ___ _____ _____ ______ ___ ___ __________ _________ _________ _________.
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