a) Name three viruses that can be transmitted through untested blood transfusion.

b) Give the morphology and salient characters of any one of them.

c) Explain the methods of prevention available against it.

d) How do you identify this infection in the laboratory?

a) Three viruses that can be transmitted through untested blood transfusion are:

1. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)  
2. HCV (Hepatitis C Virus)  
3. HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)  

These viruses are primarily transmitted through infected blood and can cause chronic, severe illnesses if not detected early.

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b) Morphology and Salient Characteristics of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV):

Morphology:  
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a small, enveloped virus with a partially double-stranded circular DNA genome. The viral particle (also known as a virion) is roughly 42 nm in diameter. The outer surface is covered by an envelope that contains the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which is critical for viral entry into host cells. Inside the virion is the core particle containing the viral genome and the hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg).

Salient Characteristics:
- Genome: HBV is a DNA virus with a unique partially double-stranded circular genome. It replicates through a reverse transcription process, which is distinct from other DNA viruses.
- Surface Antigen (HBsAg): The HBsAg is used as a marker for detecting active infection and for vaccination.
- Core Antigen (HBcAg): Found inside the virus, the HBcAg is a marker of ongoing infection and is targeted in some diagnostic tests.
- Replication: The virus primarily infects hepatocytes (liver cells), where it replicates and produces new viral particles. The infection can _________ _________ ______ ______ ___ ____ ______ ______.
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