(a) Discuss the models of conflict process with examples.

(b) Explain the various methods of resolving conflicts in an organization.

(a)

Forsyth’s Model

This is a five stage conflict resolution model which may be used to understand task as well as process conflict.

Disagreement: Usually a conflict begins when differences surface. Minor ones are normally resolved. Individuals change their views. Some less critical issues are deferred. Differences perceived as real and substantive are acknowledged.

Confrontation: When one or more members of the groups voice that they hold certain beliefs and values incompatible with that of other member(s), they may face opposition. Members may also differ on goals or on mechanism of sharing of resources. If so, we say that conflict exists. The issues are debated and commitment to respective positions may intensify as emotions are aroused. Then communication becomes less rational.

Escalation: In this stage, conflict gives birth to further conflicts. People become more aggressive. Trust is lost and a negative norm of reciprocity develops forcing an orientation “you will get what you give”. An eye for an eye slogan becomes favourite in this phase.

De-escalation: While fighting escalation stage, parties drain a lot of their energy and emotions may cool down. Some sense of rationality and understanding re-emerges out of necessity. Group protection norm emerges. Trust may or may not develop depending on issue and intensity of disagreement. Negotiation, conciliation, or some kind of resolution may be initiated at this stage. Parties may agree to compromise or to look for broader perspective in the interest of the group. If nothing works, third party _________ __________ ________ _____ _____ ____.
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