a) Describe the significance/role of following 

i) Conversion of IMP to AMP and GMP

ii) Synthesis of Orotic acid

iii) Oxygen Free Radicals

iv) G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR)

v) Fight or Flight Response

i) Conversion of IMP to AMP and GMP - Inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) is a branch point that can lead to either AMP or GMP . Conversion of IMP to GMP requires ATP, and the first step is feed-back inhibited by GMP. Similarly, Conversion of IMP to AMP requires GTP (and aspartic acid), and the first step is feed-back inhibited by AMP. Thus, synthesis of each nucleotide is inhibited by the end product of each pathway (GMP or AMP), and each branch pathway reciprocally requires energy from the other nucleoside triphosophate, ATP or GTP.

ii) Synthesis of orotic acid- It has been found that orotic acid improves the metabolism of folic acid and vitamin B12. Orotic acid is found in milk produced by cows and other commercial dairy products derived from milk. The presence of orotate in mammals is important to the development of the central nervous system

iii) Oxygen free radicals- The oxygen free radicals include superoxide anion radical (O2·–), singlet oxygen (1O2), hydroxyl radical (·OH) and perhydroxyl radical (HO2·) and are termed collectively the ‘reactive oxygen species’ (ROS). The usual route of O2 metabolism is through its complete reduction to H2O by accepting four electrons. However, with a single electron reduction several free radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are formed. In ______ ________ ________ ___ _________ _________.
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