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A 22 year old primigravida attending the antenatal clinic for the first time requires comprehensive assessment for sexually transmitted infections because pregnancy increases vulnerability and untreated infections may adversely affect both mother and fetus. Syphilis is a chronic, systemic sexually transmitted infection caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is transmitted primarily through sexual contact, transplacentally from mother to fetus, and rarely through blood transfusion. During pregnancy, untreated syphilis can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight, neonatal death, or congenital syphilis. Therefore, early detection and prompt treatment are essential components of primary health care in common conditions. Guidelines recommend that all pregnant women should be screened for syphilis at the first antenatal visit, irrespective of perceived risk. Serological testing is done using non-treponemal tests such as VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) or RPR (Rapid Plasma Reagin) for screening, followed by confirmatory treponemal tests such as _________ ____ _________ _______ ________ ________ ___.
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