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The regulatory structure for environmental protection in India is a product of the country’s constitutional framework, legislative enactments, institutional mechanisms, and policy interventions. As a rapidly developing nation with immense natural resources, India faces the dual challenge of promoting economic growth while safeguarding the environment. Over the decades, the government has developed a complex regulatory system to address environmental degradation, climate change, pollution, and conservation concerns. This system is rooted in constitutional mandates, guided by legislation, implemented through regulatory authorities, and shaped by judicial activism. Examining this structure provides insight into how India attempts to balance development with ecological sustainability. The foundation of environmental protection in India rests in the Constitution. While the original Constitution did not explicitly include environmental provisions, amendments and judicial interpretations have embedded ecological concerns deeply within it. Article 48A, introduced by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, directs the state to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife. Article 51A(g) imposes a fundamental duty on citizens to protect the natural environment. Additionally, the judiciary has expanded the scope of Article 21, which guarantees the right to life, to include the right to a clean and healthy environment. Thus, constitutional provisions provide both directive principles for governance and enforceable rights for citizens, creating a strong basis for environmental regulation. Legislation forms the backbone of India’s environmental regulatory structure. Several key laws were enacted after the Stockholm Conference of 1972, which marked a turning point in global environmental governance. The Environment ______ _________ ______ ___ _____ ___.
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