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The *Zabti* system was a significant land revenue assessment and collection mechanism introduced during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556–1605), particularly under the stewardship of his finance minister, Raja Todar Mal. It formed a crucial part of the Mughal revenue administration, aiming to streamline the imperial finances, establish standardization in revenue collection, and bring fiscal stability to the empire. The system had a lasting impact on Indian agrarian structure and influenced later colonial land revenue policies. Before Akbar’s reign, the revenue system in the subcontinent was primarily based on rough estimations or tribal customs. However, with the expansion of Mughal territory, particularly into fertile and agriculturally rich regions, there arose a necessity to create a more scientific and systematic method of land revenue assessment that could ensure steady income without unduly oppressing the peasantry. Thus, the *Zabti* system was developed during the 1570s and systematically implemented in the core northern provinces of the empire, especially in the doabs of the Ganga-Yamuna, Malwa, Gujarat, and parts of Rajasthan. The term *Zabti* is derived from the Persian word "zabt" meaning "seizure" or "control". In this context, it refers to the meticulous measurement and assessment of land and its produce for determining the amount of revenue to be collected. The system was part of a broader set of reforms known as the *Dahsala* system (meaning 'ten-year average'), which was based on a statistical average of crop ________ ___ _____ _____ _______ _____.
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