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The theories of evolution seek to explain the origin and development of life on Earth, particularly focusing on how species change over time. Within the disciplines of physical and biological anthropology, these theories form the cornerstone for understanding human origins, variation, and adaptation. Evolutionary theory helps anthropologists trace the biological roots of humanity and the processes by which modern humans emerged. These theories integrate evidence from fossil records, comparative anatomy, genetics, and molecular biology to construct a coherent framework of biological change. The earliest formal theory of evolution was proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in the early 19th century. Lamarck’s theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics suggested that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetimes to their offspring. For example, he believed that giraffes developed long necks because they stretched to reach high leaves, and this acquired trait was inherited by the next generation. Though Lamarck's theory was later discredited due to the lack of a genetic mechanism for acquired trait transmission, it was significant in shifting the scientific view towards the idea that species were not fixed and could change over time. Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection, proposed in 1859 through his work *On the Origin of Species*, remains the most influential and foundational in evolutionary biology. Darwin observed variation within populations and noted that individuals with ___ ________ ________ ____ __________ ______ ___ _____ ___.
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